A scoping review of potential biomaterials as optimal platforms for triboelectric nanogenerators

Abstract

The increasing human reliance on electricity, driven by rapid technological advancement, continues to depend largely on non-renewable fossil fuels, raising critical concerns about energy sustainability and environmental degradation. This study aims to explore the potential of biomaterials as alternative platforms for enhancing the performance of Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs), using a scoping review approach. A systematic literature review was conducted utilizing the Scopus, Crossref, and Google Scholar databases, guided by the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) framework. Relevant studies were analyzed based on publication trends, types of biomaterials employed, synthesis methods, operational mechanisms, and key electrical output parameters. The findings indicate that biomaterials such as cellulose, chitosan, and natural proteins exhibit promising triboelectric properties, contributing to improvements in energy conversion efficiency, biocompatibility, and operational stability of TENGs. Further research is recommended to optimize material structures and surface modifications to enhance charge transfer mechanisms. Additionally, the incorporation of carbon-based materials such as graphene and MXene with biomaterials has demonstrated significant potential to amplify device performance. This review also underscores the wide-ranging applications of biomaterial-based TENGs in wearable electronics, biomedical sensing, and eco-friendly energy systems. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive overview and valuable insights into the strategic role of biomaterials in advancing next-generation green energy technologies.