Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): August 2025

This issue consists of 7 articles contributed by 46 authors from 12 countries, including Indonesia (Universitas Mataram; Universitas Syiah Kuala, Universitas Muhammadiyah Aceh, Universitas Sumatera Utara, and others), Ecuador (Catholic University of Santiago de Guayaquil, University of Guayaquil), Spain (King Juan Carlos University), Thailand (Chulalongkorn University), Nigeria (Ahmadu Bello University, University of Nigeria, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, University of Ibadan, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Obafemi Awolowo University, National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control), Iraq (Kurdistan Technical Institute), Somalia (SIMAD University), Greece (University of Thessaly), India (Deemed University), Taiwan (Taipei Medical University), Philippines (Biliran Province State University, Cebu Normal University, Southern Leyte State University), United Kingdom (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine).